CMS Detector at the LHC: Calorimetry (EM, Had, Forward)

CMS Detector at the LHC Calorimetry (EM, Had, Forward)CMS structureSolenoid Most components be stopped by the demodulator except for few, such as muons, neutrino. Main loss between ATLAS and CMS is that CMS has solenoid on the stunneder layer, so it bends the trajectory of the muons again in an opposite direction (opposite pointing magnetic field). Depending on how much the trajectory is bent, we can deduce the momentum of the particle. Tracking system and both EM and Hadronic calorimeters fit at bottom the superconducting CMS solenoid, which generated Magnetic Field of 3.8 Tesla (100 000 that of the Earth).Tracking detector (measures momentum, charge, decay) atomic number 14 detector is the inner most layer. The CMS tracker records the paths taken by charged (not neutral) particles by registering their positions at various key points. The tracker can detect the paths of luxuriously cleverness muons, electrons and hadrons, as well as tracks coming from decays of very short lived particles such as b quark apply to study the differences between matter and antimatter. (WEB http//cms.web.cern.ch/ word/tracker-detector). The tracker is very brightenweight and precise, so it has minimal effect on the paths the particles take. Each position measurement is accurate to 10 micrometers. The tracker material is selected to withstand high levels of radiation, since it is the inner most layer and so receives the highest volume of particles.CMS uses silicon pick sensors (detectors) in shape of rods, covering area of 206 sq.m. (wiki), adding up to 25000 silicon sensors. Also used silicon pixel detectors, which are in principle very similar to silicon strip sensors, but have a segmentation of pixel diodes instead of strip diodes. The 65 million pixels ( in all(prenominal) generating 50 microwatts) are mounted on the cooling tubes physique the 3 inner most layers. Silicon microstrip detectors then stretch out in a 130 cm combined radius barrel with inner and oute r endcaps to close off the tracker.Calorimeter (an apparatus to measure energy of the particle AND particle identification) scintillating crystal (EM calorimeter make of lead tungsten, a very dense material that produces miniature when hit), and then sampling calorimeter for hadrons. The ECAL is sandwiched inside the solenoid after the tracking system and before the HCAL. EM calorimeter is used to measure energies of electrons and photons, because they are promising to be produced in reactions for Higgs and other new physics. LHC collides bunches of high energy protons every 25 ns, so the calorimeter material is required to have very specific properties. PbWO4 lead tungstate is the crystal of choice for the following reasons 1. the material is high density and has heavy nuclei (explain wherefore is this good) 2. the oxide crystal is transparent and scintillates, emits a petite flash of light(well-defined photon bursts), when electron or photon pass through it. This means the calorimeter system is very precise and very covenant 3.lead tungstate is relatively easy to manufacture from readily available raw materials. Each crystal is equipped with a photodetector (specially designed to move around in a high radiation levels and strong magnetic field) that registers the scintillation light which is converted into an voltaic signal, amplified, and sent for analysis.The ECAL made in a barrel shape (to fit inside the solenoid, of course) with two flat endcaps (one closing off each side of the barrel). The barrel part consists of 36 supermodules, each containing 1700 crystals, adding up to 61,200 crystals in total. The endcaps are made up of almost 15000 crystals. There are 75,848 crystals in ECAL. Each crystal (volume 2.22.223 cm in the barrel 3x3x22 cm in the endcaps) weights 1.5 kg, each crystal took 2 days to grow, in total it took 10 years to grow all crystals. The crystals were manufactured in Russia and China, where appropriate facilities already exis ted.Issues The yield of light in the crystal depends powerfully on temperature, so a sophisticated cooling system is required to keep the crystals at constant temperature. Also, the light signal adopts to be converted into an electrical signal (via photodetectors) to be recorded, and since the initial signal is relatively weak, amplification is required. Photodetectors Avalanche photodiodes (APD) for the barrel and vacuum phototriodes (VPT) for endcaps (because the radiation is too high to use silicon photodiodes), as these can operate in strong magnetic field and high radiation. Lead tungstate crystals (though fairly radiation resistant) suffer limited radiation injury the crystal structure is disturbed, hence the optical transmission decr frees. This effect is accounted for during the operation of the detector and appropriate corrections are included in the data analysis. The crystals are probed by light monitoring system to register the optical transmission. The radiation dama ge can be reversed (anneal) when CMS is not operating. In room temperature the atoms inwardly the crystal return to orderly positions.Each crystal is identified with a unique barcode, registered in a database, and measured (light transmission and scintillating properties in ACCOS machine). stroke to micrometer precision. Getting the material right was only one of the challenges for the ECAL team each crystal had to be cut, machined, polished, tested and given a photodetector. Groups of crystals were then assembled side-by-side in glass-fibre or carbon-fibre pockets to form larger structures k nowadaysn as supercrystals, modules and supermodules. The crystals arent pure, but doped to improve their properties. Each crystal is cut and polished to a precise size, so that all pass the light the same way. There are 34 categories of crystal, 22 slightly different varieties of capsules with an attached photodetector. For barrel the crystals are first group into sub-modules 10 crystals pe r lightweight glass fibre box. 40-50 sub-modules then make up a module, and 4 modules make up one of the 36 supermodules. Endcaps are constructed from 25 (55) crystal blocks, or supercrystals. Monitoring and cooling systems as well as final electronics are added to the supermodules before they are placed inside the experimental cavity. To interpret stable and equal operation of the crystals, the cooling system keeps all crystals within 0.1 oC of the optimum temperature.What is scintillation? Scintillation detectors are one of the most often used particle detection devices (Leo 157). Scintillators are made of specific materials that emit a flash of light when struck by a particle or radiation. The emitted light signal is amplified by photomultipliers and converted into an electrical signal which is then analysed. In ECAL electron or photon collides with the heavy nuclei of PbWO4, generating a shower of electrons, positrons and photons. These shower particles penetrate the scintillat or further, colliding with more than(prenominal) nuclei and producing more shower particles. Atomic electrons take fraction of energy from the passing particles and enter excited states. When they de-excite back into a ground state, the atomic electrons emit a photon of blue light, i.e. a scintillation. The blue light is picked up by photodetectors. The lead tungstate crystals produce a relatively low yield for each incoming particle, so the signal ineluctably to be amplified. (transmitted to the photomultiplier, converted into a weak current of photoelectrons, and further amplified by an electron multiplier system LEO 158). The total generated light signal is linearly proportional to the energy of the incident particle.Photodetectors? All photodetectors are glued to the crystals.Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) are made of silicon with a strong electric field applied to them. Scintilation photons smash an electron out of an atom, and the electron quickens in the E field, striking more electrons from silicon atoms. The latter also accelerate and knock out more electrons (the number increases exponentially), hence creating an avalanche. This method allows producing a high current in a short period of time. The amplified and digitized signal is transported away by fibre optics cables away from the radiation area for analysis.A different kind of photodetectors is used in the endcaps due to much higher radiation levels than in the barrel. clean Phototrides (VPTs) contain three electrodes within a vacuum (hence the name). When the scintillating photon strikes atoms in the first electrode, released electrons accelerate towards the second electrode (positive anode) and knock out more electrons. The latter accelerate towards the third electrode (dynode with a higher electric potential than the anode) and again knock out more electrons. This method also produces a strong current form a weak light signal, which is carried away from the high radiation zone via optic fi bre cables (what kind of optic fibre cables). http//cms.web.cern.ch/news/crystal-calorimeterThe region in the endcaps must was designed to distinguish between closely spaced particle pairs (such as for example in case of a short lived neutral pion decaying into two closely spaced low energy photons that might be mistaken for one high energy photon from Higgs decay). A special ECAL preshower is located in the endcaps before the EM calorimeter crystals. It is the made of two lead panels followed by silicon sensors (6.3cm x 6.3cm x 0.3mm). Each silicon sensor is divided into 32 strips each 2mm immense. Compared to 3cm wide scintillator crystals the preshower sensor resolution is better (5% precise energy measurement Ph.Bolch). The photon passing through lead sheet produces a shower containing e e+ pairs which are measured by the silicon detector strips. The silicon detectors are kept at temperatures between -10 oC and -15 oC for optimal and long-term carrying out. The outside of the preshower is heated to temperatures of the ECAL, since the crystals performanceMuon chamber, muon detectors which are inside the return yoke of the magnet (Track, muons identification). To identify muons and measure their momenta CMS uses three types of detectors Drift tubes DT (in barrel position measurement), cathode strip chamber CSC (in endcaps position measurement), and resistive plate chambers RPC (in barrel and endcaps trigger).Energy measurement calorimetry- by creation and total absorption of showers, either EM (light ammount) or hadronic (penetration depth). companionable Work Provisions for the ancient History and PoliticsSocial Work Provisions for the aged History and PoliticsIn this paper, I aim to debate the historical and political context of complaisant work provision for the gray. By using and reviewing the views expressed in previous work on the decrepit in our society, I hope to demonstrate the context in which social work and social cover operate. One o f the concerns of this essay is the impacts of discrimination and oppression on the senile. I go out discuss how listening to the views of service users is crucial to developing effective methods of providing social care.In the last two to three decades, a fairly wide body of academic work has become available, approaching the issues of ageing and of care for the elderly, within the discipline of Social Policy. Social Policy is an interdisciplinary field natural from, and derived upon, other social sciences economics, politics, sociology etc. (Tinker19923) Within this field, the specific discipline of gerontology the study of ageing has developed in recent decades because the elderly population has increase so sizeably in the last 50 years. Cherry Rowlings wrote in 1977 that while in 1951, just13% of the British population was of seclusion age, by 1977 this had change magnitude to 17.3%. (Rowlings198127) Since the 1970s we have seen this trend continue.This change can be att ributed both to comparatively low birth rates, and the increased life-time expectancy. Businesses, the professions and the media are finding now that subventioners form one of their biggest markets. (Tinker1992 3)Rather than using checkup and biological models, social gerontology focuses on the ways in which social and cultural factors influence peoples experiences of evolution onetime(a). Tinker writes that the elderly are unusual in that they have been denominate a special group in our society, and yet the only think that tag them out is their age unlike groups seen as deviant they are normal people and we all expect to join this group in time. (Tinker19924) However, although not labelled deviant, the elderly have nonetheless been constructed as a problem, as Jacki Pritchard writesAn elderly individual is thought to be of no use once they reach retirement age, probably because they are not seen to be producing anything for the society in which they live. They are consider ed to have had their life.She notes that this differs from other cultures, in which capitalism is less advanced. (Pritchard199216)And Nicholas Bosanquet has noted that the rate at which the elderly population is growing causes cracking anxiety in society. He cites ProfessorSir Ferguson Anderson as saying in 1976, Britain faces social disaster because of the rate at which the proportion of elderly people is rising. (Bosanquet19787)He goes on, The emphasis has come to be more and more on the elderly as a burden take d declare as a threat to the standards of service or opportunity get laided by the rest of the population. (Bosanquet197879)Changes in medicine have made illness and disability a problem particular to the elderly. Diseases that effected the young in previous centuries, have been controlled or wiped out in this country, and now children and young adults can expect to be in good health. Similarly, disability from birth is relatively rare and blindness, deafness and mobil ity problems are impairments by far most commonly experienced by the elderly.(Bosanquet197821)The medical model of disability has traditionally seen disability as naturally and inevitably arising out of a physical or mental impairment. The more contemporary social model, however, has argued against this, in saying that whilst a soul may have a natural impairment, it is societys failure to accommodate people with this difference to the norm, which disables them. For example, though a person may be unable to walk and require the use of a wheelchair, this does not inevitably make their life so very different from the life of an able-bodied person. Rather, it is a lack of easy access to public buildings and transport, poor adaptations in lodgement and so on, which turn this impairment into a striking disability.In the case of elderly people, because ill health and disability is now so much restricted to the oldest generations, it is seen as natural and inevitable that older people wil l lead very different lives from younger adults, and that the quality of their lives will decrease. However, this can be seen as only a construction, as many of the problems faced by older people could be altered by changes in public viands and social care. Bosanquet notes that mental health, most significantly depression, are as great a problem as physical health for the elderly. He writes that this is because the most important factors people attribute to their happiness at all stages of life, are ones which elderly people are least able to take for granted. These includeoHealthoFamily life/friends. The elderly will almost inevitably face bereavement, but also having fall transport/mobility, and fewer places to go where they can meet and make friends, both increases their sense of isolation and decreases their independence.oFinancial/ home stability. The elderly live on pensions. The decrease in their health can lead to them losing their home. (Bosanquet 197810)The elderly are i ncreasingly separated from the rest of the population. They suffer great isolation. But indemnity has been seen only as pension policy.Nicholas Bosanquet argues that the Government needs to intervene not only when the elderly person has no relatives, but even in addition or instead of care from family. He strivinges that policy must increase choice and opportunity, as the elderly find themselves unable to decide and control their own futures. (Bosanquet197875-77)One of the most vestigial issues facing the elderly is the problem of housing. Bosanquet reports that since the 1970s, governments have been concerned with designing special flats for the elderly. These solve some housing problems and give people the opportunity to form thin communities with others in their own age bracket. (Bosanquet197892) He writes that this is not a new thought in the Majority Report of the Royal Commission on the miserable Law I 1909, there is mention of special housing for the elderly.However, th e views of what elderly people require from housing has been deeply flawed, due to a failure of policy makers to listen to the ideas of the elderly, about what they need in day to day life. After the SecondWorld War, there was great interest in building small housing for the elderly. However, reports of the time did not view it as necessary to provide many special features or fittings for the elderly. The post-war Rowntree Report stated that bungalows were the preferable type of housingtwo-story houses provided problems for pensioners with impaired mobility, and the elderly often did not like living in flats, as they were not considered private or independent enough. The report stated that houses for the elderly people must be built with easy access to local shops, close to the persons family and friends, and near housing for younger generations so that the elderly did not tone of voice cut off from the rest of society. The report did state that flooring and any stairs in the prope rty must be designed for safety and ease of manueverability. This would mean using non-slip materials on flooring, and ensuring that stairs were neither too steep or built around awkward angles. However, these precautions aside, there were no provisions made for wardens or for providing a safe environment for those with health problems. (Bosanquet197895)Subsequently, between 1945 and the early 70s, a good number of small flats were built, but these were not reserved wholly for pensioners and many housed younger adults. Very few were built with any special design features which would have made them safer and more convenient for the elderly.More recently the idea of sheltered accommodation has grown up, though many people see this simply as a compromise before the nursing home. (Bosanquet197897)Bosanquet concludes that the elderly need schemes which help them find a new lifestyle and to decrease their sense of isolation. Luncheon clubs, good neighbour schemes, day centres and holiday schemes are essential provisions in his view. He believes that these services are more important than simply focusing on income support however policy makers have tended to see this is a luxury, rather than one of the essentials of government spending plans.(Bosanquet197897)He argues that services should increase their focus on the over 75s.Younger retired people are more possible to still be living with spouses and in their own homes. More years after retirement, however, and any savings the person may have had will likely have run out, and pensions become increasingly inadequate whilst the cost of living actually increases, as for example the elderly person needs to spend more on maintaining their health, in heating bills and medicine/doctors fees. (Bosanquet1978124)While this and many other books on the subject of elderly people outline the historical, political and economic factors in pensioners lives, they do not all cite the opinions of elderly service users themselves. Very often social policy and research is based on accounts given by social workers, or by representatives of a vulnerable group for example the families of children or in this case elderly people. To address this, Jacki Pritchards book The Abuse of Elderly People includes a great deal of anecdotal evidence and transcriptions of interviews with elderly people. By focusing on cases of actual abuse, the book may appear to be dealing with an extreme aspect of poor care for the elderly it may not be expected that abuse is a concern of the majority of older people. However, the principles of the book are useful as it outlines some of the ways in which older people are discriminated against, and how many of their needs and interests are oppressed. Pritchard is keen to stress the different areas in which elderly people may be abused 1. Physical, which includes medical maltreatment and neglect. 2. Psychological abuse, including threats of abuse, humiliation, harassment, emotional neglect and threats of any kind of abuse. 3. licit abuse, including material and personal exploitation. (Pritchard199221)Elderly people are not always givenothe right to chooseothe right to privacyothe right to independence.Pritchard considers it vital that if a person is mentally sound, and chooses to stay with their family even when the professional considers the family to be abusive, then the social carer must do no more than offer the elderly person support and inform them of their options. However, of course, there are different standards over what is mentally sound, and even what to do if someone is not. She is also keen to point out the difference in practices between the various professions involved in an elderly persons life. Very often, the policies of the doctors, care home nurses, and social workers arein direct conflict, and the normal policies of one may wait unacceptable to another. Subsequently, what is important returns to ensuring the rights listed above are honoured, and ju dgement of whether or not this is done can be made only by the elderly persons own experience. (Pritchard199225)Pritchard reports that carers are more likely to become abusive, when they themselves are denied adequate support. The carers sense of isolation, their resentment towards the tasks they undertake, and their lack of external support, leads to an increase in abusive behaviour towards the elderly person being cared for. As a common sense measure, therefore, policy must be adapted to provide support and respite for carers, in the interests of all parties involved. (Pritchard199233)In conclusion, it has been seen that many of the problems that elderly people face could be significantly diminished by improvements in social care. Rather than being natural cause of ageing, these problems are more frequently caused by discrimination in society against older people. As society has placed most significance on the needs of younger adults, there have not been adequate provisions made for the elderly for housing, health care and social integration. In response to these needs, social work needs to take steps to reduce the oppression of older people. This will involve maximising elderly peoples ability to make independent choices in their lives, and to enjoy the same standard of life as younger adults. Above all, social workers and researchers should listen to service users as they explain what services they need.Bosanquet, Nicholas (1978) A Future for onetime(a) Age Towards a New Society.Temple Smith London.Pritchard, Jacki (1992) The Abuse of Elderly People A Handbook forProfessionals. Jessica Kingsley Publishing London.Rowlings, Cherry (1981) Social Work with Elderly People. Harper CollinsLondon.Tinker, Anthea (1992) Elderly People In Modern Society, Third Edition.Longman London and New York.

CSR IN KENYA: FACTORS THAT DRIVE and AFFECT THE BUSINESS COMMUNITY

CSR IN KENYA FACTORS THAT DRIVE and AFFECT THE BUSINESS COMMUNITYThis paper seeks to address the concept of CSR within the Kenyan consideration and in grumpy the factors that affect its effective perpetrate and the benefits to the topical anesthetic stakeholder lodge. The growth and implementation of CSR-related activities throughout the years in developing countries and in particular Kenya entrust likewise be dealt with. The research questions posed result be tackled using the fuse methods cross-sectional design as focus testament be on all the sectors of the economy so as to have a better belowstanding of the different contributions by these linees and arrangings. Through this research, I hope to identify the little ways in which CSR is proficient in Kenya while establishing the various businesses that be committed to this cause. This paper allow for also highlight the major characteristics of the practice of CSR in Kenya and hence, give businesses insight into w hich areas need improvement and how they sens do so while still turning a profit.4. INTRODUCTIONa) Area Topic merged kind Responsibility (CSR) is an ever evolving concept that even ups of any strategic tool that creates new opportunities for businesses while mitigating and managing the risks to the businesses. The focus of this report card is on the area of CSR and in particular its practice in Kenya. The topic of choice is whether there have been any factors that have driven and affected the local businesses contributions to the stakeholder residential area.b) Statement of purposeThe purpose of the larn is to examine what key CSR drivers are present in Kenya whether there have been any factors that have prevented the business organisations in Kenya from substantially contributing to the local community through the practice of CSR. Additionally, the subject go away also look into spheres of possible improvement by the government and the business community.5. LITERATURE REV IEWCSR means many a(prenominal) things to different people institutions and as Frankenthal (2001) clearly asseverates, CSR is a vague and intangible term which can mean anything to anybody, and accordingly is effectively without meaning. These CSR interpretations have evolved over the culture 30 years from being relatively focused on compliance with environmental regulations a search for eco-efficiency to a broader concept that combines and balances economic, social and environmental commitments as part of the drive towards sustainable development. at that placefore, different companies have adopted slightly different interpretations as to what CSR means to them but the underlying message is always the same.Welford (2004 and 2005) has famous that CSR has been adopted in different ways in the different parts of the world.CSR concerns how organisations interact with their stakeholders, and is linked to improving sustainable development, health and well upbeing for people, as well as enhancing organisational profits (Price, 2009).This is because over the years, business organisations have come under immense pressure from their stakeholders to act in a responsible manner. Scandals such as Enron and Parmalat (Ruggie 2003 OHiggins 2005), Nikes employment practices and the very recent BP/Shell oil spill have provoked increased scrutiny into business policies and practices.Mullerat and Brennan (2005) deduced from a study carried out by the Italian Union of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Craft and Agriculture in cooperation with Instituto per i Valore dImpresa that the adoption of CSR-related activities by companies depends on 2 factorsThe size of the business enterprise/ organisation there is a difference on CSR performance between the smaller companies and the large ones due to financial personnel differences andThe particular sector of the economy in which the business operates for example, businesses within the agro-industrial, building construction, manufacturing ICT sectors are more than concerned with environmental issues arising from their production processes and product lifespan.Globally, companies that have engaged in CSR have come to the identification that their environmental and social bear ons need to be managed in line with their economic or commercial performance (Little, 2003).In Africa, CSR is still in its infancy phase angle due to socioeconomic realities such as poverty, HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and ineffective public administration service delivery which have had a significant impact on the drivers, role and function of CSR for companies operating in Africa (Klins, Niekerk Smit, 2010). Thus, CSR activities and projects aspire to resolve challenges faced by communities, which governments cannot richly address. Therefore, issues such as the environment, employment, product quality and health safety get much lower priority. CSR in Africa is most often associated with multinationals or larg e opposed investors e.g. Coca Cola.Visser, Matten, Pohl Tolhurst (2010) have identified some of the drivers for CSR in developing countries asCultural tradition where CSR draws deeply from indigenous beliefs of philanthropy, business ethics and community togethernessReforms in politicsSocio-economic priorities e.g. alleviation of poverty, eradication of HIV/AIDSGovernance gapsResponse to crisis such as accidents, catastrophesMarket accessInternational standardisation through the adoption of global CSR codesInvestment incentivesStakeholder activism andBusiness supply chains.CSR is therefore seldom related to the companies core business but rather tends to be positive payback philanthropy, with public relations benefits (Klins et al, 2010). or so priority issues covered by CSR activities in Africa are poverty reduction, health HIV/AIDS, skills development education, youth development and socioeconomic development.In Kenya, the cultural context is an important factor in defining C SR and this communal culture is captured in the indigenous concept of Harambee which embodies and reflects the strong ancient value of mutual assistance, joint effort, social responsibility and community assumption (Winston and Ryan, 2008). This concept simply means that collective good outweighs individual gain.According to Gathii (2008), the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) has been involved in drafting pull backlines on CSR. These guidelines, in addition to those voluntarily adopted by companies and the current ISO standards, form a backdrop against which to measure CSR in Kenya.In Kenya, CSR is often seen as an add-on, peripheral to the core business (Imani emergence, 2009). CSR departments are rare and many operate from within marketing, communications, corporate affairs, training or human resources departments (Klins et al, 2010). Furthermore, where CSR policies are established, more often than not, they refer to philanthropic approaches. CSR policy bail is not typically e valuated in Kenya and corporate leadership involvement tends to be focused on launching community projects, supporting CSR policies and ensuring resources for these projects, rather than embedding CSR in business processes.Regulations that have an impact on CSR are often based on the ratification and subsequent domestication of international conventions which mainly focus on workplace issues and the physical environment. Examples of specific national CSR-related legislation in Kenya are survey 2030Kenya National Environment Action Plan andDraft guidelines (recently developed) by Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS)Ponnu and Okoth (2009) in a study do on CSR disclosure in Kenya found that Kenyan companies are relatively small if compared in the international standards. These companies participation in social activities whitethorn not be pegged on their financial capability rather, their involuntaryness and desire for strategic positioning within the society for future economic advantag es. Some organisations business committed to practising CSR in Kenya areThe Federation of Kenya Employers (FKE) which fights against HIV/AIDS is a signatory of the Global Compact and is also involved in Kenyas Vision 2030The Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM) has established the Centre for Energy Efficiency Conservation (CEEC) and has been the focal point of the Global Compact Local Network in Kenya since September 2009The Kenya tete-a-tete Sector Alliance (KEPSA) is promoting the UN Global Compact and is active in the field of anti-corruptionEast African Breweries Ltd (EABL) founded the EABL Foundation in 2005 which deals with the supply of water, environment, health, education training and different special projects, aimed at improving the lives of the people in Kenya, Uganda and TanzaniaSafaricom Ltd a leading mobile service provider that has greatly contributed to the Kenya community since 2007 through its sponsorship of various projects under the spheres of comm unity, environment, health, sports and educationIntex Construction Ltd. a Kenyan smart set that deals in construction, civil engineering and real estate development and is committed to CSR, environmental impact focus and bodied neighborly Investment (CSI)Unilever Tea Kenya Ltd. as part of its CSR agenda is involved in health care, employee welfare (housing), community participation (educational scholarships, training of farmers) and environmental care (is a corporate member of WWF and encourages sustainable agriculture) andEquity Bank the Equity Group Foundation focuses on eradication of poverty, hunger and the provision of human-centered aid, education, gender equality and women empowerment, health, environment sustainability and voluntary service to society by the banks leadership.Kivuitu, Yambayamba Fox (2005), argue that the CSR agenda needs to be locally owned if its to instal a significant contribution to the local development priorities and it must be relevant to l ocal enterprises, whether large or small.Many scholars agree that in stage for CSR and its policies to produce substantial gains within the Kenyan local community, it needs to be tailored to suit the business practices of the organisations that operate in Kenya.6. RESEARCH QUESTIONSi) General QuestionsHas the practice of CSR in Kenya been achievementful overall?What are issues that have benefited from the practice of CSR?How much more can be done by the relevant authorities and businesses?ii) unique(predicate) QuestionsWhat are main drivers of CSR in Kenya?How many companies in Kenya practice CSR?How many of these companies are listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE)?Does the Kenyan Government get into in CSR-related activities?Are there any state policies or laws that regulate or steer CSR in Kenya?What are the various ways in which CSR is practised in Kenya?What are the critical success factors that have led to implementation of successful CSR projects in Kenya?How have loc al issues benefited from CSR-related activities?Are the gains substantial and/or should more be done?7. RESEARCH METHODSi) Design (Strategy Framework)The research questions will be answered using the mixed methods cross-sectional design with a pragmatic worldview which consists of collection of two denary and qualitative data sequentially. This approach is based on the assumption that the collection of diverse types of data best provides a deeper understanding of the research line of work posed. The study will commence with a broad survey in order to generalize the results from a sample of the businesses to the population. Then qualitative open-ended interviews will be used to collect detailed views from the participants. The strengths of both quantitative and qualitative research will provide the best understanding of this particular study.ii) Sample try out is an important part of the research study and this is because its cheaper, faster, practical, and more confidential in n ature and lastly it has more in-depth compend of the research problem.The research will be situated in Kenya as this is the topic of the area under study. The population from which the samples will be selected will be the companies operating in Kenya (both national and foreign internationals). This is because these companies CSR practices are the major focus point of the research study.Sampling will be done through the sequential mixed methods sampling procedure, whereby the results from the QUAN strand will influence the methodology subsequently employed in the QUAL strand. The first sample will be generated through stratified random sampling where businesses will be surveyed and from these results then simple random sampling will be applied so as to investigate the issues that have benefited from CSR-related activities in Kenya. The first sample will consist of 30 companies randomly selected fromThe Nairobi Stock ExchangeForeign internationals companies operating in Kenya andMed ium-sized companies not listed on the NSE.The second sample will comprise of 20 issues that have benefited from CSR-related activities and the size of this sample will be inclusive of institutions, individuals or group of individuals, the environment and other local causes.iii) Data CollectionThis will be done in 2 stages as the quantitative data collection will build on the qualitative one. Quantitative data on the factors that drive and affect CSR performance by businesses will be through a cross-sectional survey usingClose-ended Online QuestionnairesAdvantages areThere is greater tractability when displaying the questions in mind e.g. through check boxes, pull down menusIt allows a quicker response from the participantsIts cheaper to administer due to the absence of costs of purchasing paper, belief and postageThere is no prior arrangement to be doneThey avoid any embarrassment to the respondentsThere is no bias from the researcher decrement in the time needed for analysis as t he data is amass in a central database andIts easier to correct any errors made on the questionnaire thus no need for reprinting.Disadvantages areThere is a limited response rate because some people may not have access to the net profitThey assume that the respondents are literateThere are people who are not receptive to completing questionnaires online andThere is a bias as the demographic that generally responds to online questionnaire invitations are usually younger people.Structured Tele resound InterviewsAdvantages includeRelatively cheaper and speedier than personal interviewsThere is a high response rate which is also spontaneous Interviews can be aided where necessaryThe researcher can tape the interviewsHas accessibility to a wide geographical area andHas more anonymity than personal interviews.Disadvantages includeThe participants can terminate the interview at any time they wantQuestionnaire will be required so as to guide the researcher on what to askThere is the inevi tability of repeat callsRespondents have very little time to thinkThe researcher must have phone etiquetteThe questions presented must be straightforwardNon-verbal cues cannot be read (visual aids cannot be used)The interviews have to be short so as to avoid irritation andThere is the danger of contacting obsolete telephone numbers while omitting unlisted ones.While qualitative data on the contributions to the local issues will be collected through archive ReviewThe advantages includeThe information contained the documents can be verified independentlyThe review process can be done independently without relying on other sources extensively andIts cheaper than other data collection methods.The disadvantages includeThe information uncovered may not be in line with the requirements of the research studyThe documents may be difficult to locate obtainThe information may not be available for public viewingThe documents may be located in a distant archive thus requiring the researcher to travelIt can be a time-sensitive process andThe researcher does not have construe over the quality of data unearthed and thus relies on the information provided in the documents so as to assess the reliability of the sources.Open-ended/in-depth interviewsAdvantages areThey provide more detailed information than the other methods andInformation is collected in a more relaxed atmosphere thus interviewees are more open.Disadvantages of this method areThe respondents may be biased in order to prove a pointThese interviews are time-sensitive due to transcription and analysis of this data andThey produce results that are not easily generalized due to the small samples chosen.Audiovisual materialsSome advantages of this type of data collection areIts easier for people to relate to imagesThey provide a entry for participants to share their perceptions andThey provide extensive data on real-life situations.Disadvantages includeDue to the amount of extensive data collected, they are difficu lt to analyse andData collected could be easily influenced by the researched thus theres bias.iv) Data analysisResearch QuestionData SourceAnalysis PlanWhat are the main drivers of CSR in Kenya?Books, dissertations, periodicals, journals research reportsContent/ document analysis of the identified paper-based sources.How many companies in Kenya practice CSR?Company websites, annual reports, periodicals journalsWeb content analysis of the relevant company websites.Document analysis of the relevant company-related documents.How many of these companies are listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange?Nairobi Stock Exchange websiteWeb content analysis of the NSE website.Does the Kenyan government participate in CSR-related activities?Government reports publicationsContent/ document analysis the accessible and relevant government sources.Are there any state policies or laws that regulate or steer CSR in Kenya?Government statutesDocument analysis of government statutes dealing with CSR in Ken ya.What are the various ways in CSR is practised in Kenya?Questionnaires, books, journals, research reports crowd reports.Use of constant comparison (grounded theory) to analyse questions.Document analysis of the obtained documents.Use of SPSS to collate responses to the questionnaires issued.What are the critical success factors that have led to implementation of successful CSR projects in Kenya?Periodicals, dissertations, journals, books, research papersDocument analysis of the books, journals, periodicals, dissertations and research papers unearthed during the research.How have local issues benefited from CSR-related activities?Interviews, company websites, questionnaires, journals, periodicalsDocument analysis of journals, periodicals.SPSS analysis of the interviews questionnaires issued.Web content analysis of the various companies identified.Are the gains substantial and/or should more be done?Interviews, questionnaires, research papers conference reports.Document analysis SPSS analysisTherefore, due to the mixed methods research design formulated, the research will undergo the by-line 5 stages in order to fully answer the research questions posedData ReductionIt will involve the use of memoing, descriptive statistics and cluster analysis.Data DisplayThis will be done through charts, graphs and tables.Data ConsolidationBoth sets of data will be combined to create new ones.Data ComparisonComparison of data from the quantitative the qualitative data sources will then be done.Data IntegrationLastly, integration of both types of data into one whole will reveal the final examination picture.v) AssumptionsThe following will be made in relation to this studyThat respondents will answer the questionnaires truthfullyThat the samples represent the population andThe instruments used have rigorousness and are measuring the desired constructs.8. SIGNIFICANCEThis research study is important as it will examine deeper an area that has not been fully explored by forward scholars while paying homage to them. This is due to the fact that CSR is an ever-growing phenomenon that Kenya as a developing country needs to improve on so as to image up to its developed counterparts. This study is important to the businesses operating in Kenya as it will enable them to gauge themselves and identify areas of improvement at the same time.9. LIMITATIONS DELIMITATIONSLimitationsThe study will be limited by time constraints because of the length of time provided for completing the research. It will also be limited by the number of businesses, institutions willing to participate in the study.DelimitationsThis study will be delimited to companies, institutions operating in Kenya that have participated in CSR-related activities in the last 10 years.10. ETHICAL ISSUESThe following ethical issues will be taken into consideration during this studyInformed consent and the participants understanding of their rights. These consents will be both written and oral in natureConfidentiality of any information collected from the participants andAnonymity of the interviewees before, during and after the interviews.11. REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHYALKathiri, N.S. (2010) Collecting Qualitative Data Online http//www.slideshare.net/highness85/collecting-qualitative-data Accessed on 22nd November 2010Amaratunga, D. Baldry, D. Sarshar, M. and Newton, R. (2002) Quantitative and Qualitative research in the built environment, Work Study, Vol. 51(1), pp.17-31Baker, M. (2010) The Business in Society, bodied Social Responsibility What Does It Mean? Online http//www.businessrespect.net/definition.php Accessed on 21st November 2010Boyce, C. and Neale, P. (2006) Conducting In-depth Interviews A Guide for Designing and Conducting In-depth Interviews for Evaluation stimulant drug in Monitoring and Evaluation 2, Watertown, MA Pathfinder International, pp. 1-12Business in the Community (2010) The CR Academy Online http//www.bitc.org.uk/cr_academy/index. hypertext mark- up language Accessed on 22nd NovemberChanimal (2004) Quantitative Research Considerations Online http//www.chanimal.com/html/quantitative_research.html Accessed on 19th November 2010Clarke, R.J. (2005) Research Models and Methodologies, HDR Seminar Series, Faculty of Commerce (Spring Session)Crane, A. (2008) incorporate Social Responsibility in developing countries in The Oxford handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility, Oxford University Press, pp.480-484Creswell, J. (2009) The weft of a Research Design in Research Design qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (ed.), Newbury Park, Cal. Sage Publications, pp. 3-21Creswell, J. (2009) Research Questions and Hypotheses in Research Design qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (ed.), Newbury Park, Cal. Sage Publications, pp. 129-143Creswell, J. (2009) Collecting Data in Mixed Methods Research in Research Design qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (ed.), Newbury Park, Cal. Sage Publi cations, pp. 110-127Dobers, P. and Halme, M. (2009) Editorial Corporate Social Responsibility and developing countries, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, Vol. 16, Wiley InterScience, pp. 237-249Driscoll, D. Yeboah, A.A Salib, P. and Rupert, D. (2007) Merging Qualitative and Quantitative Data in Mixed Methods Research How to and Why not, daybook of Ecological and Environmental Anthropology, Vol. 3 (1), pp. 19-28East African Breweries Ltd. Online http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Breweries Accessed on 20th November 2010Equity Bank Online http//www.equitybank.co.ke/about.php?subcat=9 Accessed on 20th November 2010Fairbrass, J. ORiordan, L. and Mirza, H (2005) Corporate Social Responsibility Differing Definitions and Practices?Online http//www.crrconference.org/downloads/fairbrass.pdf accessed 25th November 2010Family Health International (nd.), Qualitative Research Methods A Data Collectors Field GuideFederation of Kenya Employers Online http//fke-ke nya.org/download/hivaidsworkplace.pdf Accessed on 20th November 2010Frankenthal, P. (2001) Corporate Social Responsibility- a PR invention? in Corporate Communication, An International daybook, Vol. 6(1) PP.18-23Gathii, J.T. (2008) Kenya What does CSR really mean?, Business Daily Nairobi, 6 May 2008 http//allafrica.com/stories/200805061150.html Accessed 25th November 2010Imani Development (2009) Corporate Social Responsibility in Sub-Saharan Africa Built In or Bolted On? A Survey on Promoting and Hindering Factors (Eschborn, Germany Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit GTZ GmbH/BMZ/British High Commission SouthAfrica)Intex Construction Ltd. Online http//www.intexafrica.com/howwedobusiness.htm Accessed on 20th November 2010Kenya Association of Manufacturers Online http//www.kam.co.ke/?itemId=17newsId=265 Accessed on 20th November 2010Kenya Private Sector Alliance Online http//aquaya.org/wp-content/uploads/Kevit_Desai.pdf Accessed on 20th November 2010Kivuitu, M. Yamba yamba, K. and Fox, T. (2005)How can Corporate Responsibility Deliver in Africa? Insights from Kenya and Zambia, Perspectives on Corporate Responsibility for Environment and Development, Issue 3, pp.1-5Klins, U, Niekerk, J. and Smit, A. (2010) Africa in The humans Guide to CSR A Country-by- Country Analysis of Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility, Sheffield, Greenleaf Publishing LimitedLittle, A. (2003) The Business Case for Corporate Responsibility Online http//www.bitc.org.uk/resources/publications/cr_business_case.html Accessed on 20th November 2010Mullerat, R. And Brennan, D. (2005) Corporate Social Responsibility and Public Policy in Corporate Social Responsibility the Corporate Governance of the 21st century, Kluwer Law International pp.79-80Muthuri, J. and Gilbert, V. (2010) An Institutional Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility in Kenya, Journal of Business Ethics, Springer (August)Neill, J. (2007) Qualitative versus Quantitative Research Key Points in a Classic Debate Online http//wilderdom.com/research/QualitativeVersusQuantitativeResearch.html Accessed on 19th November 2010OHiggin, E. (2005) Ireland Bridging the Atlantic in Habisch, A and Jonker,J. (ed.) Corporate Social Responsibility, Berlin, Germany Springer VerlagOnwuegbuzie, A. and Leech, N. (2006) Linking Research Questions to Mixed Methods Data Analysis Procedures, The Qualitative Report, Vol. 11 (3), pp. 474-498Ponnu, C.H. and Okoth, M.O.A. (2009) Corporate Social Responsibility disclosure in Kenya The Nairobi Stock Exchange, African Journal of Business Management, Vol.3 (10), pp.601-608Price, T. (2009) Corporate Social Responsibility and Stakeholders in Sustainable Risk Management, Faculty of Advanced Technology, University of GlamorganRuggie, J. (2003) The New World of Corporate Social Responsibility Online http//www.hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_10_kytle_ruggie.pdf Accessed on 20th November 2010Safaricom Ltd. Online http//www.safaricom.co.ke/index.php? id=388 Accessed on 20th November 2010Teddlie, C. and Yu, F. (2007) Mixed Methods Sampling A Typology with Examples, Journal of Mixed Methods Research, Vol. 1(1), Newbury Park, Cal. Sage Publications, pp.77-100Ufadhili Trust (2004) Corporate Social Responsibility and Development in Kenya, Ufadhili NairobiUnilever Tea Kenya Ltd. Online http//www.eastafricancsrawards.com/downloads/shortlisted/SC_Unilever%20Kenya%20HIVAid.pdf Accessed on 20th November 2010Visser, W. Matten, D. Pohl, M. and Tolhurst, N. (2010) Corporate Social Responsibility in developing countries in The A to Z of Corporate Social ResponsibilityVisser, W. McIntosh, M, and Middleton, C. (2006) Lessons from the past Paths to the future in Corporate Citizenship in Africa, Sheffield, Greenleaf Publishing LimitedWelford, R. (2004) Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe and Asia Critical Elements and Best Practice, Journal of Corporate Citizenship, Issue 13Welford, R. (2005) Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe, North America and Asia, Journal of Corporate Citizenship, Issue 17Winston, B., and Ryan, B. (2008) Servant Leadership as a Humane Orientation Using the GLOBE Study Construct of Humane Orientation to expose that Servant Leadership is More Global than Western, International Journal of Leadership Studies 3.2 212-222.World Bank Institute Education Group (2007) Document Review in Needs Assessment Knowledge Base, World Bank Organisation Onlinehttp//siteresources.worldbank.org/WBI/Resources/213798-1194538727144/11Final-Document_Review.pdf Accessed on 21st November 2010World Bank Institute (2003) CSR Launch in Kenya in CSR Update, Vol.1 (2), pp.1-812. APPENDICESCUsersLynResearch Methodsbusiness in society diag..gifAppendix 1CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY QUESTIONNAIREQUESTIONYESNON/ACOMMENTSDoes your organisation have a CSR social organization?Have targets been set?Who has overall responsibility for CSR in your organisation?Does your organisation report on CSR?Has your organisation undertaken any type of activity that has aided the community or protected the environment?Has management received training on CSR issues?Has your organisation tried to reduce its environmental impact in terms ofa) taint Prevention?b) Waste minimisation recycling?c) Protection of the natural environment?Does your organisation supply clear accurate environmental information on its activities to the local community?Does your organisation have open dialogue with

Manufacturing and storage of Khoa

Manufacturing and storage of KhoaABSTRACTKhoa is a handed-down d circularisey ware which is produced in India by both organized and unorganized sector. It is the base for various traditional sweets manufactured in India. Apart from the traditional method of manufacturing khoa some(prenominal) methods were developed recently for the manufacture and storage of it. In the present essay I had menti singled around various technologies available for manufacture and storage of khoa.INTRODUCTIONAccording to the bailiwick Dairy Development Board, India the annual increaseion of take out during the year 2007-2008 is 104.8 million tonnes.India has deuce types of sectors for the market of take out and its products, one is organized sector and another is unorganized sector. The unorganized sector accounts for 88% of total milk production in India and it includes marketing of raw milk and traditional products such as locally manufactured ghee, fresh cheese, and sweets. The organized secto r accounts for 10-12% of total milk production in India and it includes the dairy farm cooperatives and organized private dairies which produces Western-style dairy performanceed products based on pasteurization. The shargon of organized sector in the total milk production handling is change magnitude by the years (FAO, 2002).In India out of all dairy products consumed traditional products account for over 90 percent. In order to protect the surplus milk from spoilage simple processes were developed to produce products like curds (yoghurt-like fermented product), Makkhan (butter), Khoa (desiccated milk product), Chhana and Paneer (soft cottage cheese-like cultured product) and Ghee (clarified butter) (FAO, 2001). And nearly 7% of milk produced in India is converted to khoa (ICMR, 2000).KHOA MANUFACTURING cognitive operationIn India khoa is traditionally manufactured by nonstop boiling of milk in a shallow iron or stainless steel vessel to remove wet and the process continues t ill the total solid level is attained in the range of 65 to 72% (Pal and Raju, 2006). As per the Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA), India (1955) rules, khoa sell by whatever variety or name such as Pindi, Danedar, Dhap, Mawa, or Kava which is obtained from cow or buffalo (or goat or sheep) milk or milk solids or a combination there of by rapid desiccation and having not less than 30 per cent milk ample on dry weight basis. The Bureau of Indian Standards has given the requirements for three types of khoa, viz. Pindi, Danedar and Dhap in terms of total solids, fat, ash, acidity, coliforms and yeast and mold counts (Indian Standard (IS) 4883, 1980). A minimum fat level of 5.5 in buffalo milk is required to achieve the PFA standard. Khoa has been categorized into three major groups i.e. Pindi (for Burfi, Peda), Dhap (Gulabjamun) and Danedar (Kalakand) on the basis of composition, texture and quit use.KHOA MANUFACTURING PROCESS CHEMICAL ASPECTSKhoa contain 75-80% moisture, 25-37% f at, 17 -20% protein, 22-25% lactose, and 3.6-3.8% ash (Aneja et al. 2002).The milk is subjected to high heat temperature during the manufacture of khoa which initiates number of physico-chemical changes resulting in characteristics sensory, textural and structural properties in khoa. The incessant passion pull up stakes reduce water activity, inactivates various milk enzymes and destroy pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms apart from development of desirable flavors and texture. The heating process promotes the denaturation and coagulation of milk proteins and the process is more rapid due to frothing and incorporation of air by continuous stirring (Sindhu et al. 2000). The disruption of fat globule membrane and subsequent cease of free fat that account for 44.8-62.8 percent of total fat in khoa occurs due to vigorous agitation during heating process of milk (Mann and Gupta, 2006). Adhikari et al. (1994) has studied the interaction between milk macromolecules during heating o f buffalo milk victimization Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and spy casein-casein, casein- whey protein and casein-lactose interaction with gradual heating of milk. The khoa made with buffalo milk and milk of high total solid will relieve oneself more brown colour in the end product and this is due to browning reactions (Gothwal and Bhavdasan1992). Patil et al. (1992) has investigated khoa microstructure using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and revealed that khoa consists of great(p)r protein granules made up of partially fused casein micelles and non-micellar proteins. They also observed reduction in the size of protein granules and inter-granular space during works or agitation of khoa manufacture process and it also resulted in large amount of fat globules membrane fractions.FACTORS AFFECTING KHOA QUALITYType of milk overawe milk is generally used instead of cow milk for the manufacture of khoa due to its higher yield, softer personate and smooth texture. The kho a manufactured from cow milk conduct dry surface, yellow colour, sticky and sandy texture (Pal and Gupta, 1985).Amount of free fat An optimum amount of free fat is necessary for desirable body and textural properties of khoa(Boghra and Rajorhia ,1982).Total solid level There is significant positive correlation between total solid level milk and instrumental hardness, gumminess and chewiness of khoa (Gupta et al., 1990). on the job(p) of Khoa The brass of large lactose crystals can be reduced through working of khoa when compared to un-worked khoa and working results in no perceived sandiness upon storage.EQUIPMENTS USED IN KHOA MANUFACTURING PROCESSKhoa is generally manufactured by halwais in jacketed kettles, which has several disadvantages like poor and inconsistent quality and limited shelf life of about 5 old age at 30C (International conclave on Traditional Dairy Foods, 2007).Most attempts made for up-gradation of the technology of khoa are directed towards mechanization of the process and developing continuous khoa making plants (Aneja et al., 2002). Agrawala et al. (1987) has developed mechanized conical process vat for preparation of khoa. It consists of a stainless steel conical vat with a cone move of 60 and steam-jacket partitioned into 4-segments for efficient use of thermal energy and less heat loss.Due its batch type of operation, it is suitable only for making limited quantities of the product. National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) which is situated at Anand (Gujarat), India has developed an disposed(p) Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger (ISSHE) for continuous manufacture of khoa (Punjrath et al., 1990). Concentrated milk of 42 to 45% total solids is used as feed in this machine and its inclination permits the formation of a pool of boiling milk critical to formation of khoa. Thin Film Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger (TSSHE) system has developed by Dodeja et al. (1992) at NDRI for the continuous manufacture of khoa and it consists of two Scrape d Surface Heat Exchangers (SSHE) which are arranged in a cascade fashion. In this machine milk is concentrated in first SSHE to about 40-45% Total Solids and finally to khoa in the guerrilla SSHE. But feed for this unit is buffalo milk and thus rendering it suitable for organized small and large dairies and entrepreneurs which is not in the case of Inclined Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger.The capacity of both TSSHE and SSHE is about 50 kg khoa per hour and many organized dairies have adopted these continuous khoa making machines. Three-stage continuous khoa manufacture unit has been developed by Christie and Shah (1992). It has three jacketed cylinders placed in a cascade arrangement which helps in easy transfer of milk from one cylinder in to other and it works as heat exchanger. The heat exchangers are installed with a mechanism of providing inclination and the slope allows the movement of the contents in longitudinal direction. The unit has a variable pulley drive which helps in speed adjustment and it is highly bulky requiring too much flooring area. (Pal and Cheryan, 1987) and (Kumar and Pal, 1994) have implemented Reverse osmosis (RO) technique for the manufacture of khoa from cow milk and buffalo milk respectively. This process comprises pre-concentration of milk (2.5-fold for cow milk and 1.5-fold for buffalo milk) using RO process followed by desiccation in a steam-jacketed open pan for the manufacture of khoa.The final product obtained by this membrane process was found to be indistinguishable to the conventionally prepared product. This process saves energy during the initial concentration of milk. In order to make this process continuous jacketed pan should be replace with SSHE. contrastive workers incorporated whey solids in the form of whey protein concentrate (WPC) in the milk and reported that increased addition of WPC in the milk resulted in large granulation in khoa and increased yield (Dewani and Jayaprakasha, 2002).FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT ISSUES DURING KHOA STORAGEDue to higher nutrients and high water activity (.96),Khoa is soft Susceptible to growth of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus are the main contaminating micro organisms in khoa and they cause many food-borne diseases. To prevent and reduce microbiological make from khoa HACCP should be applied. The microbial quality of Khoa is initially good during production time and it will gradually deteriorate during storage and marketing. The main Critical Control rouse for the deterioration was identified as airtight packaging. This problem can be solved through changing the packaging material to muslin cloth which allows free air flow, reduced the microbial proliferation (ICMR, 2000).METHODS TO INCREASE STORAGE LIFE OF KHOAThe storage life of khoa is only two to three days, under ambient conditions, and 15-20 days under keep conditions (Ramzan and Rahman, 1973). Rancidity is one of the reason which deteriorates quality of khoa and it adversely a?ects storage life of khoa (Bashir et al., 2003).Addition of potassium sorbate e?ectively improves the storage life of khoa at higher temperatures. Jha and Verma(1988) have observed increased storage stability of khoa for 40 days by addition of potassium sorbate. Other workers also stated that the storage life of khoa can be enhanced by using di?erent types of food preservatives and antimicrobial agents (Wadhawa et al., 1993). At elevated temperatures the storage stability of freshly prepared khoa can be adversely a?ected. By measuring free fatty acids, hydrogen peroxide value and iodine value we can determine storage stability of khoa. The free fatty acid, peroxide and iodine values for freshly prepared khoa were 0.025%, 0.38 meq/kg and 80, respectively. The increase in free fatty acid and peroxide value and decrease in iodine value are the indicators of development of rancidity in khoa during three months of storage at elevated temperature. By adding BHA and BHT we can retard the development of rancidity in khoa on storage. But, BHT will act comparitively better than BHA. Therefore, we can increase the storage stability of khoa by adding synthetic antioxidants like BHA and BHT at elevated temperatures (Rehman and Salariya, 2005).CONCLUSIONAlthough so many technologies are developed for the production and storage of khoa, there is a still a need of investigation of chemical and physical aspects during manufacturing of khoa in order to read factors responsible for quality. And all the known technologies of manufacturing of khoa should be transferred to small holder farmers who are the major contributors of milk production in India .So that they can increase their prices of products by producing products which will meet the modern quality standards.REFERENCESAdhikari.A.K., Mathur.O.N. and Patil.G.R. (1994). Interrelationships among Instron textural parameters, composition and microstructure of khoa and gulabjamun made from buffalo milk, Journal of F ood Science and Technology, 31 (4) .pp.279-284.Agrawala .S. P., Sawhney.I. K. and Bikram Kumar. (1987). Mechanized conical process vat. Patent no 165440.Aneja.R. P.,Mathur.B. N., Chandan.R. C.,and Banerjee.A. K.(2002). Technology of Indian milk products, 1st Ed.,Dairy India Year Book, Delhi.pp.126-128.Bashir.N. Rehman. Z. U., Syed. Q. Kashmiri.M. A. (2003). Effect of potassium sorbate on the physicochemical characteristics of milk concentrate (khoa) during different storage conditions. Pakistan Journal of scientific Research, 55.pp. 103-109.Boghra.V. R. and Rajorhia.G.S. (1982). Utilization of pre-concentrated milk for khoa making, Asian Journal of Dairy Research. 1.pp.6 -12.Christie. I. S. and Shah,.U. S. (1992). Development of a three stage khoa making machine. Indian Dairyman.44 (1).pp. 1 4.Dewani. P. P. and Jayaprakasha. H. M. (2002). Effect of addition of whey protein concentrate on physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of khoa and khoa based sweets, Journal of Food S cience and Technology.39 (5).pp.502 506.Dodeja.A. K., Abichandani. H., Sarma.S. C. and Pal.D. (1992). Continuous khoa making system design, operation and performance, Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 45(12).pp. 671 674.FAO.(2001).Report on the FAO E-mail Conference on Small-scale Milk Collection and Processing in Developing Countries. Chapter 3, pp .15.FAO. (2003).A Review of Milk exertion in India with Particular accent on Small-Scale Producers,pp.6.FAO. (2002). Annex I Critical issues for poor people in the Indian dairy sector on the thresold of a new era.Gothwal.P.P. and Bhavadasan.M. K. (1992). Studies on the browning characteristics in dairy products, Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 45 (3).pp. 146-151Gupta. S.K., Patil.G.R., Patel. A.A., Garg.F.C. and Rajorhia.G.S. (1990). Instron texture profile parameters of khoa as influenced by composition, Journal of Food Science and Technology, 27 (4).pp. 209-213http//nddb.org/statistics/milkproduction.htmlhttp//www.dairyforall.com/i ndian-khoa.phpIndian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). (2000). Application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point for improvement of quality of processed foods,Vol. 30, No. 5.International Conference on Traditional Dairy Foods. (2007). National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (India), pp. 29.Jha.Y. K. Verma.N. S. (1988). Effect of potassium sorbate on the shelf life of khoa, Asian Journal of Dairy Research, 7.pp. 195-198.Kumar. S. and Pal.D. (1994) . Production of khoa from buffalo milk concentrated by reverse osmosis process, Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 47(3).pp.211 214.Mann.B. and Gupta.A.( 2006). Chemistry of milk in relation to manufacture of traditional dairy products,In summary of Developments in traditional dairy products, Centre of Advanced Studies in Dairy technology, NDRI, Karnal. pp.12-17.Pal.D. and Cheryan.M. (1987). Application of reverse osmosis in the manufacture of khoa Process optimization and product quality, Journal of Food Science and Technology , 24(5).pp. 233 238.Pal.D. and Gupta.S. K. (1985). Sensory evaluation of Indian milk products, Indian Dairyman, 37(10).pp. 465-474.Pal.D and Raju.P.N. (2006). Developments in the manufacture of heat desiccated traditional milk desserts,In compendium of Developments in traditional dairy products, Centre of Advanced Studies in Dairy technology, NDRI, Karnal. pp.18-25.Patil.G.R. Patel.A.A., Allan-Wojtas. P. and Rajorhia. G.S. (1992). Microstructure and texture of khoa, Food Structure, 11155.Punjrath.J.S., Veeranjamlyala.B. Mathunni.M. I., Samal.S.K. and Aneja.R. P. (1990). Inclined scraped surface heat exchanger for continuous khoa making. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 43(2).pp.225 230.Ramzan. M., and Rahman.R. U. (1973). E?ect of storage time and temperature on the quality of cow milk khoa, Pakistan Journal of Science, 25.pp. 149-154Sindhu. J.S., Arora .S. and Nayak. S. K.( 2000). Physico-chemical aspects of indigenous dairy products, Indian Dairyman, 52 (10).pp. 51-64.Wadhawa. B . K., Gandhi. D. N., and Goyal.G. K. (1993). Enhancement in the shelf life of khoa,Indian Food Packer, 47.pp.5-53.Zia-ur Rehman and A.M. Salariya.(2005).E?ect of synthetic antioxidants on storage stability of Khoa a semi-solid concentrated milk product , Food Chemistry 96 (2006) .pp.122-125.

Slavery in the Caribbean :: Slavery Essays

Slavery in the CaribbeanCaribbean Slavery gave planters and elite in the Caribbean the safe to abuse a human by requiring ridiculously long hours of work on the fields and not providing enough nutrition. The article by Kiple and Kiple reviews the state of malnutrition among the hard workers and the findings argon atrocious. Slaves were lacking basic nutrients such as calcium, fats, and various vitamins. Kiple and Kiple, regardless of these facts, state that according to 18 and 19th century standards, these diets were not poor. Unfortunately I do not think in making this statement, the authors took into account that the standard person was not a slave. Slaves were subjected to physically rigorous work, which uses a substantial amount of calories, so the standard diet would not be fit for a slave, who needs a lot more calories and nutrients to remain healthy under the situation of slavery. Furthermore, it was totally the African slaves who were able to withstand this lifestyle. Befo re trade began with African slaves, planters were utilizing Indian slaves from areas such as Venezuela and Nicaragua. It was found though, that the Indian slaves were dying very quickly and slave owners then discovered that African slaves were much more resistant to this harsh lifestyle, although their life span was far from long also. As is logical and expected, the growth of refined sugar plantations paralleled the growth of slaves. Interesting to me, is how plantation owners often had to buy the slaves on credit because they did not have enough to buy the slaves. A labor force could not be created out of island inhabitants, so planters had to turn to what they referred to as cheap labor. Planters also turned to African slaves due to social reasons. Because African slaves were brought from different areas in Africa, they were a very heterogeneous group in terms of language and culture. Therefore, it was more difficult to conk in large groups among themselves. Instead, the African slaves had to learn the language of the European country that colonized the island. If the plantation owners were to use Creoles as slaves, who spoke one or two languages at most overall, and were a mainly homogeneous group, would communicate a lot easier and more often, making it more difficult for slave and plantation owners to control the Creole group. A question of whether Africans were chosen to be import as slaves is presented in racial terms.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers

The Great GatsbyEveryone wants to be successful in life, but most practically people take the wrongways to get there. In the1920s the American Dream was something that everyonestrived to have. Having a family, money, a big house, and a car meant that soul hadsucceeded in life. A very important aspect was money, and success was determinedgreatly by it. This was not true in all cases however. Jay Gatsby was a miserable boy whoturned into a very wealthy man, but did he live the American Dream? Money is actuallythe only thing that Gatsby had a lot of. Jay Gatsby tries to live the life of The AmericanDream, but fails in his battle. From his early years Gatsby has his eye one Daisy and throughout his life he isdeeply in love with her, but he never marries or even has a life with her. Another one ofGatsbys goals in life was to be an exceedingly successful, just like his model Dan Cody,but that plan ends up failing as well. As a part of what Dan Cody taught him, Gatsbyattempted to go in to business with a man named Meyer Wolfsheim, but failed at thatalso. For such a long time Gatsby has had his eye on Daisy and has been in love withher, but this does not develop. Gatsby has always gazed at the green light on Daisysporch. Jordan Baker says, Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be across thebay. The color green is traditionally a symbol of vamoose and youth and that is what Gatsbyis hoping to find beyond it. When Gatsby and Daisy meet, he tells her about how he haswatched the green light that burns at the end of her dock. For so long that light has beena symbol of his dream, of something he has wanted more than life itself. Gazing at it somuch, Gatsby must have believed that if he could only have Daisy he would be everlastinglyhappy. In chapter four he suddenly has her and the light is just a light again. It doesntseem that Daisy could ever be as wonderful as Gatsbys dream of her. Dreams, sadly for Gatsby are most often longed for rather than made a reality . Gatsby never ends upgetting with Daisy his shining star in life, much of what he lived for. In his younger years, Gatsby worked on the south shore of Lake Superior earningroom and board by digging clams and fishing for salmon. whiz day he saw the beautifulyacht of the millionaire Dan Cody and borrowe... ..., D. Melvin. 1992. Response ofAlfalfa Cultivans to Salinity During Germination and Post-Germination Growth. Crop Science 32(4) 976.Bliquees, Gul. 1999. Effect of salinity. light, and temperature on germination inAllenrolfea occidentalis. Canadian Journal of Botany 77(2) 240-247.Foderano, Margaret and I.A. Ungar. 1997. Growth and survival of polygonum aviculareL. at a brine-contaminated site in Southeastern Ohio. The American MidlandNaturalist 138(1) 140-152. mill about A H., J. B. Jones , K. H Tan, L. S Hardnan. 1997. Salts and Plant Nutrition. Journal of Plant Nutrition 22(12) 1905-1920.Poljahoff-Mayler, A., G.F. Somers, E. Werker, J.L. Gallager. 1994. Seeds ofKostelstzlsya v irginica Germination and salt tolerance. American Journal ofBotany 81(1) 54.Ungar, I. A. 1996. Effect of salinity on seed germination, growth, and ion accumulationof Atrplex patula. American Journal of Botany 83(5) 60-65.

My first Sonne and Mid Term Break Essay -- English Literature

My first Sonne and middle Term BreakIn this essay I testament be comparing and commenting on the poems Myfirst Sonne, by Ben Johnson and Mid Term Break by Seamus Heaney.These poems are all a reflection on a close relatives death andportray the poets emotions, feelings and thoughts. However while BenJohnson loses a son Seamus Heaney loses a brother, from these poems wesee two different types of emotions.Mid term break is an autobiographical poem written by Seamus Heaneywhen thinking back rough the death of his little brother. My firstSonne is also autobiographical, but is about the death of BenJohnsons seven year old son. Despite the fact that two poems areabout death the poets emotions are very different, ban Johnson fall loving his son and Heaney finds peace when he sees his brotheronce again.In life there is a moral order of death, which is that parents shouldnever have to go for up their children, but both the poems are the oppositeof the moral order. Even though both poems are different responses todeath I think that they are both equally effective. The poets use oflexis, structures and themes help make their poems effective.Meaning is important in both poems, it shows us that death hobo strikeat any clock time and can have a great impact on us. I think both poems havestraight forward heart- we see Benn Johnson trying to get meaningin his poem for why his son died. Ben Johnson blames himself forloving his child too much, even though we know that infant mortalitywas high at this point. Johnson does not take into mind the context ofthe time he was living in.Structure is important in poems as it affects the rhythm and the tone,this could affect the whole meaning of a ... ...e Gods with Jesus. Eventhough the reader may not be religious the use of expressions makes iteasier to understand than Mid Term Break.Heaney in his concluding line uses alliteration to end the poem, this finalstanza gains our sympathy and we empathise with him. Johnson uses asim ilar technique, using his final line to gain the viewsunderstanding and sympathy.Both poets use words which describe what has happened and how theyfeel, for example Johnson describes his son being exacted. This isanother meaning for collecting, debt collecting.I feel that both poems are effective in their meaning- however personally My First Sonne gains my empathy more than Mid- Term Break.I think this is because it is more understandable and not as complex.Having lost a close person I can understand what Johnson feels- a rushof anger followed by love and regret.

Jehovahs Witness Essay -- essays research papers

clerics Witnesses masters Witnesses are a wad known astray throughout the world. They are well-dressed large number who come knocking at your door on unalike occasions offering religious literature for sale or trying to introduce their beliefs through carefully prepared conversation. People young, old, rich, poor, well educated and non-educated dedicate embraced them. Their enthusiasm as proclaimers of Gods Kingdom has move even their harshest critics. Their love toward one a nonher makes some non-witnesses hope and pray that more people would act in that manner. Yet, some may still wonder, who rattling are the shapers Witnesses? What is their history, their practices and their beliefs? why are they the most attacked new religious meeting today? Even many former group members realize written books or created web sites that project a negative perspective on the Jehovahs Witnesses. Due to the fact that this group has such a large following, it is not surprising that they wo uld be attacked or their faith be denounced. It has been proven that the bigger in numbers of a group, the more controversial the group, and the bigger the tension between them and society. Also, the more individuals who belong to a group, the more individuals there are who pull up stakes denounce that faith and become active apostates. These apostates publish books and attest web sites proclaiming the wickness of the group to whose teachings they once adhered. When looking at it with this point of view, it seems natural that the Jehovahs Witnesses would be heavily criticized. However, the fierceness of attack is still frightening. My thesis is that based on the questionable characteristics and backgrounds of the Jehovahs Witnesses leaders and teachings, this criticism are not unfounded. Information on the teaching of the religion and the leaders themselves stinkpot be found in the following books Jehovahs Witnesses, Teachings of Jehovah Witnesses, Crisis of Conscience, What You Need to shaft About Jehovahs Witnesses, Counting the Days to Armageddon, and Jehovahs Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse.In order to examine the controversies we moldiness examine their history, organization, practices and their beliefs. We must first start at the beginning at the leadership of the Jehovahs Witnesses with its founder Charles Taze Russell. The Allegheny, Pennsylvania boy had been... ...ir followers into doing what they are told. They have repeatedly changed their doctrines and contradicted previously held beliefs, all while claiming that it alone has the truth. This religion takes a persons ability to think for himself, his ability to make rational decisions, and his free will.During my enquiry on the Jehovahs Witnesses the more material I read the more questions I had. How do they convert even the intelligent and God fearing people? Why are Jehovah Witnesses considerably successful in retaining their children within their belief system? Why are Jehovahs Witnesses less apt(predicate) to attend college? Why are 55% of Jehovah Witnesses women? Why would any parent allow their child to die instead of receiving a blood blood transfusion when their death would not be necessary? Do they be sick such little value to human life? If your religion causes you to separate from your family is your religion actually worth it? These questions and others were raised throughout my paper. However, the fact is that the Jehovah Witnesses and the Watchtower party are successful in converting people to their religion and have the ability to maintain their membership. Jehovahs Witness Essay -- essays research papers Jehovahs WitnessesJehovahs Witnesses are a people known widely throughout the world. They are well-dressed people who come knocking at your door on different occasions offering religious literature for sale or trying to introduce their beliefs through carefully prepared conversation. People young, old, rich, poor, well educated and non-educated have embraced them. Their enthusiasm as proclaimers of Gods Kingdom has impressed even their harshest critics. Their love toward one another makes some non-witnesses hope and pray that more people would act in that manner. Yet, some may still wonder, who really are the Jehovahs Witnesses? What is their history, their practices and their beliefs? Why are they the most attacked new religious group today? Even many former group members have written books or created web sites that project a negative perspective on the Jehovahs Witnesses. Due to the fact that this group has such a large following, it is not surprising that they would be attacked or their faith be denounced. It has been proven that the bigger in numbers of a group, the more controversial the group, and the larger the tension between them and society. Also, the more individuals who belong to a group, the more individuals there are who will denounce that faith and become active apostates. These apostates publis h books and establish web sites proclaiming the wickness of the group to whose teachings they once adhered. When looking at it with this point of view, it seems natural that the Jehovahs Witnesses would be heavily criticized. However, the fierceness of attack is still frightening. My thesis is that based on the questionable characteristics and backgrounds of the Jehovahs Witnesses leaders and teachings, this criticism are not unfounded. Information on the teaching of the religion and the leaders themselves can be found in the following books Jehovahs Witnesses, Teachings of Jehovah Witnesses, Crisis of Conscience, What You Need to Know About Jehovahs Witnesses, Counting the Days to Armageddon, and Jehovahs Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse.In order to examine the controversies we must examine their history, organization, practices and their beliefs. We must first start at the beginning at the leadership of the Jehovahs Witnesses with its founder Charles Taze Russell. The Allegheny, Pennsylvania boy had been... ...ir followers into doing what they are told. They have repeatedly changed their doctrines and contradicted previously held beliefs, all while claiming that it alone has the truth. This religion takes a persons ability to think for himself, his ability to make rational decisions, and his free will.During my research on the Jehovahs Witnesses the more material I read the more questions I had. How do they convert even the intelligent and God fearing people? Why are Jehovah Witnesses considerably successful in retaining their children within their belief system? Why are Jehovahs Witnesses less likely to attend college? Why are 55% of Jehovah Witnesses women? Why would any parent allow their child to die instead of receiving a blood transfusion when their death would not be necessary? Do they put such little value to human life? If your religion causes you to separate from your family is your religion really worth it? These questions and others were raised throughout my paper. However, the fact is that the Jehovah Witnesses and the Watchtower Society are successful in converting people to their religion and have the ability to maintain their membership.